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Ngữ pháp Cấu trúc so sánh trong tiếng Anh (comparison)

Ngữ pháp Cấu trúc so sánh trong tiếng Anh (comparison)

1. What does “comparison” mean?

“Comparison” có nghĩa là so sánh hai hoặc nhiều người hoặc vật.

Chúng ta dùng cấu trúc so sánh để nói ai/cái gì cao hơn, đẹp hơn, nhanh hơn, tốt nhất, đắt nhất, v.v.

Ví dụ:

  • Nam is taller than Minh. → Nam cao hơn Minh.

  • This apple is the biggest one. → Đây là quả táo to nhất.


2. Adjectives and Adverbs

Loại từ Dùng để Ví dụ tiếng Anh Giải thích
Adjective (Tính từ) Miêu tả người hoặc vật The dress is beautiful. Đẹp (miêu tả chiếc váy)
Adverb (Trạng từ) Miêu tả hành động She sings beautifully. Hát như thế nào: “một cách hay”

Ghi nhớ dễ:

  • Tính từ đứng sau be, look, feel, sound → The soup is hot.

  • Trạng từ đứng sau động từ hành động → He runs fast.


3. Comparative (So sánh hơn)

Khi nào dùng

Dùng để so sánh hai người hoặc hai vật, hai hành động.

Cấu trúc:

  • S + be/V + adj/adv + -er + than + O

  • S + be/V + more + adj/adv + than + O

A. Với tính từ ngắn (1 âm tiết)

Thêm -er sau tính từ.
Ví dụ:

  • tall → taller

  • big → bigger

  • fast → faster

Câu mẫu:

  • Nam is taller than Minh.

  • A cheetah runs faster than a cat.


B. Với tính từ dài (2 âm tiết trở lên)

Dùng more + tính từ.
Ví dụ:

  • beautiful → more beautiful

  • expensive → more expensive

  • careful → more careful

Câu mẫu:

  • This dress is more beautiful than that one.

  • My bike is more expensive than yours.


C. Với trạng từ

Dùng more + trạng từ hoặc thêm -er nếu trạng từ ngắn.
Ví dụ:

  • carefully → more carefully

  • fast → faster

Câu mẫu:

  • She writes more carefully than me.

  • He runs faster than me.


D. Tính từ/trạng từ bất quy tắc

Gốc So sánh hơn Nghĩa
good better tốt hơn
bad worse tệ hơn
far farther/further xa hơn

Ví dụ:

  • This pizza is better than that one.

  • Today is worse than yesterday.


Lỗi thường gặp

  • Sai: She is more taller than me.

  • Đúng: She is taller than me.
    Không dùng “more” với tính từ ngắn.


4. Superlative (So sánh nhất)

Khi nào dùng

Dùng để nói ai hoặc cái gì nhất trong nhóm từ 3 trở lên.

Cấu trúc:

  • S + be/V + the + adj/adv + -est + O

  • S + be/V + the most + adj/adv + O

A. Với tính từ ngắn

Thêm -est.
Ví dụ:

  • tall → the tallest

  • big → the biggest

Câu mẫu:

  • Nam is the tallest student in his class.

  • This apple is the biggest of all.


B. Với tính từ dài

Dùng the most + tính từ.
Ví dụ:

  • beautiful → the most beautiful

  • expensive → the most expensive

Câu mẫu:

  • This is the most beautiful dress.

  • It’s the most expensive phone.


C. Với trạng từ

Dùng the most + trạng từ hoặc thêm -est nếu ngắn.
Ví dụ:

  • carefully → the most carefully

  • fast → the fastest

Câu mẫu:

  • She drives the most carefully in her family.

  • He runs the fastest in his team.


D. Bất quy tắc

Gốc So sánh hơn So sánh nhất
good better the best
bad worse the worst
far farther/further the farthest/furthest

Ví dụ:

  • This is the best pizza I’ve ever eaten.

  • Yesterday was the worst day.


5. Equal Comparison (So sánh bằng)

Cấu trúc:

  • S + be/V + as + adj/adv + as + O

Ví dụ:

  • She is as tall as her mother.

  • He works as hard as me.


6. So sánh trong ngữ cảnh

Adjectives (Tính từ):

  • This T-shirt is cheaper than that one.

  • This is the cheapest T-shirt in the shop.

Adverbs (Trạng từ):

  • He runs faster than me.

  • He runs the fastest in the race.

TÓM TẮT CÁC BƯỚC KHI LÀM BÀI SO SÁNH HƠN VÀ SO SÁNH NHẤT

Bước 1: Xác định từ loại cần so sánh.
Xem từ cần đổi là tính từ (miêu tả người, vật) hay trạng từ (miêu tả hành động).
Ví dụ:

  • She is beautiful. → “beautiful” là tính từ ( tính từ viết tắt : adj)
  • She sings beautifully. → “beautifully” là trạng từ ( trạng từ viết tắt là: adv)

Nếu từ đứng sau be, look, feel, sound, thường là tính từ.
Nếu đứng sau động từ hành động như run, sing, speak…..là trạng từ.

Bước 2: Xác định số lượng đối tượng đang so sánh.
Nếu chỉ có hai người hoặc hai vật, ta dùng so sánh hơn (Comparative).
Nếu có ba hoặc nhiều hơn, ta dùng so sánh nhất (Superlative).

Ví dụ:

  • Nam is taller than Minh. (So sánh 2 người)

  • Nam is the tallest in the class. (So sánh trong nhóm nhiều người)

Bước 3: Nhìn độ dài của tính từ hay trạng từ để chọn cách viết đúng.

  • Từ ngắn (1 âm tiết): thêm -er ( so sánh hơn) hoặc -est ( so sánh hơn nhất)
    → tall → taller → the tallest

  • Từ dài (2 âm tiết trở lên): dùng more ( so sánh hơn) / the most ( so sánh hơn nhất)
    → beautiful → more beautiful → the most beautiful

Bước 4: Viết lại câu đúng cấu trúc.

  • So sánh hơn: Adj/Adv + -er + than hoặc more + Adj/Adv + than
    → My house is bigger than yours.
    → She sings more beautifully than me.

  • So sánh nhất: the + Adj/Adv + -est hoặc the most + Adj/Adv
    → This is the biggest apple.
    → She sings the most beautifully.

Bước 5: Kiểm tra lại câu.
Xem đã có “than” chưa (nếu là so sánh hơn), hoặc có “the” chưa (nếu là so sánh nhất).
Kiểm tra xem từ có đổi đúng dạng chưa (ví dụ happy → happier, big → bigger).

Bước 6: Đọc lại nghĩa xem có hợp lý không.
Câu có nghĩa rõ ràng và tự nhiên thì mới đúng.
Ví dụ:
Sai:  This book is the more interesting than that one.
Đúng:  This book is more interesting than that one.

PRACTICE 

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34

Comparatives & Superlatives

1 / 40

1. This is ___ restaurant in town.

2 / 40

2. Our street is ___ than your street.

3 / 40

3. Today is ___ than yesterday.

4 / 40

4. This chair is ___ than that sofa.

5 / 40

5. It’s ___ answer among the options.

6 / 40

6. He runs ___ in his team.

7 / 40

7. Everest is ___ mountain in the world.

8 / 40

8. This exercise is ___ than the last one.

9 / 40

9. The new café is ___ than the old one.

10 / 40

10. She is ___ dancer in the class.

11 / 40

11. This puzzle is ___ of all.

12 / 40

12. This is ___ way to school.

13 / 40

13. My phone is ___ than my tablet.

14 / 40

14. This road is ___ than the old one.

15 / 40

15. She writes ___ of all the students.

16 / 40

16. That hill is ___ than this one.

17 / 40

17. He is ___ player on the team.

18 / 40

18. This book is ___ than that one.

19 / 40

19. This problem is ___ than I thought.

20 / 40

20. Tom is ___ than Ben.

21 / 40

21. She sings ___ in the group.

22 / 40

22. He is ___ student in the class.

23 / 40

23. The movie was ___ than the book.

24 / 40

24. This park is ___ than the one near my house.

25 / 40

25. That was ___ match of the season.

26 / 40

26. The bus is ___ than the train.

27 / 40

27. This room is ___ in the house.

28 / 40

28. He arrived ___ than we expected.

29 / 40

29. He got ___ score in the exam.

30 / 40

30. It’s ___ photo in my album.

31 / 40

31. This street is ___ in the city.

32 / 40

32. My bag is ___ than yours.

33 / 40

33. It’s ___ movie I have seen this month.

34 / 40

34. She writes ___ than her brother.

35 / 40

35. This is ___ story I’ve ever heard.

36 / 40

36. This is ___ day of the year.

37 / 40

37. Math is ___ for me than English.

38 / 40

38. He runs ___ than me.

39 / 40

39. That shop is ___ in the market.

40 / 40

40. The blue T‑shirt is ___ than the red one.

Your score is

The average score is 64%

0%

E. Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct adjective or adverb form.

  1. This test is __________ (easy) than the previous one.
  2. She speaks __________ (clearly) than her sister.
  3. This is the __________ (difficult) question in the exam.
  4. John runs __________ (fast) than Peter.
  5. That is the __________ (exciting) movie I have ever watched.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences using the comparative or superlative form.

  1. This house is (big) __________ than that one.
  2. She drives (carefully) __________ than her brother.
  3. This is the (interesting) __________ book of all.
  4. He arrived (late) __________ than his friend.
  5. Today is the (cold) __________ day of the year.

Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer.

  1. She is __________ (taller / tallest) than her friend.
  2. He runs __________ (faster / fastest) than me.
  3. This is the __________ (most exciting / more exciting) part of the story.
  4. He plays the piano __________ (better / best) than anyone else.
  5. The elephant is the __________ (bigger / biggest) animal in the zoo.

Đáp án:

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with the correct adjective or adverb form.

  1. This test is easier (easy) than the previous one.
  2. She speaks more clearly (clearly) than her sister.
  3. This is the most difficult (difficult) question in the exam.
  4. John runs faster (fast) than Peter.
  5. That is the most exciting (exciting) movie I have ever watched.

Exercise 2: Rewrite the sentences using the comparative or superlative form.

  1. This house is bigger than that one. (big)
  2. She drives more carefully than her brother. (carefully)
  3. This is the most interesting book of all. (interesting)
  4. He arrived later than his friend. (late)
  5. Today is the coldest day of the year. (cold)

Exercise 3: Choose the correct answer.

  1. She is taller (taller / tallest) than her friend.
  2. He runs faster (faster / fastest) than me.
  3. This is the most exciting (most exciting / more exciting) part of the story.
  4. He plays the piano better (better / best) than anyone else.
  5. The elephant is the biggest (bigger / biggest) animal in the zoo.

 

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